Accountable Practitioner Essay

As registered nurses you are legally and professionally accountable for your actions, irrespective of whether you are following the instructions of another or using your own initiative (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010). The consideration of what accountability means in nursing practice is a key part in the foundation of nursing, some would say that being accountable means being responsible, and as a consequence taking the blame when something goes wrong. To be accountable is to be answerable for your acts and omissions, this is the approach adopted by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) the nursing regulatory body. It states within its code â€Å"You are personally accountable for your actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions† (NMC, 2008). Therefore accountability is being answerable for your acts to a higher authority with whom you have a legal relationship. A wider view of accountability is defined as an inherent confidence as a professional that allows a nurse to take pride in being transparent about the way he or she has carried out their practice (Caulfield, 2005). In order to provide maximum protection to the public and patients against misconduct of registered nurses, four areas of law are drawn together which individually hold you to account. These are society through public law, patient through tort law, employer through the contract of employment and profession through statute law, such as the NMC. This assignment will reflect on the work and study carried out within the Accountable Practitioner module including lectures and facilitated group sessions in which reflective diaries were completed [see appendix I-IV]. By completing a Root Cause Analysis (RCA), a system used to find flaws and opportunities for improvement of health care, on the Pamela Scenario, it was highlighted that the theme ‘consent’ was an area of concern (Transition to Practice, 2012). I will therefore be looking into the three pillars of accountability which are professional, legal and ethical and relating each of these to my chosen theme and applying this to the Pamela Scenario. Professional Accountability Professional accountability consists of an ethos in nursing that is based on promoting the welfare and wellbeing of patients through nursing care. This all comes together within the heart of nursing. Within our group sessions we discussed who registered nurses are accountable to, these being through the provisions of the Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1997 and the Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001. The NMC was established under these provisions in 2002 to protect the public by establishing standards of education, training, conduct and performance for nurses to ensure these standards are maintained (Nursing and Midwifery Order, 2001). Professional accountability allows nurses to work within a framework of practice and follow principles of conduct set out by the NMC that maintain the patients trust in the individual nurse and nursing as a whole (Caulfield, 2005). Obtaining consent affirms the patient’s right to self-discrimination and autonomy. The NMC code of professional conduct has a separate section on consent (NMC, 2002). Clause 3 requires that ‘as a registered nurse, midwife or health visitor you must obtain consent before you give any treatment or care’. The professional duty recognises the value of autonomy in clause 3.2 and states that a refusal to receive treatment must be protected even where this may result in harm or death to the individual. The professional duty also requires that the nurse gives information that is accurate and truthful and this must be presented in a way that is easily understood (Bowman, 2012). Within the Pamela scenario there is no suggestion as to whether consent was gained. At the beginning of her care, when she was admitted to an orthopaedic ward they suggested a skin traction should be applied to the affected limb, however no consent was gained and the staff on the ward took it upon themselves to determine whether this was the best action. Within our group we discussed that at this point Pamela was mentally capable of giving informed consent [see appendix II]. Pamela later became very agitated and confused and was eventually referred for a CT scan which showed findings of Alzheimer’s disease. From this point onwards there is no evidence to suggest that consent was gained from someone with capacity following the Mental Capacity Act (2005) where they state â€Å"a person is unable to make a decision for themselves if they are unable to: understand information given to them, retain that information, use or weigh that information as part of the process in making a decision and communicate that information†. In this instance it is not possible to determine whether Pamela was able to give informed consent herself or whether any family members gave this for her. Professionally the staff within the ward that made this decision on her behalf would be held accountable. Legal Accountability The law is a major area of accountability for nursing practice. The law is a set of rules, regulations and cases that provide interpretation of the rules and regulations that apply to society. There are very clear penalties for anyone, including nurses, who fail to follow the rules set out by law. Within our group sessions we discussed the two systems of law within the UK [see appendix I]: civil law and criminal law, each one consists of its own structure and different rules apply for each system (Young, 2008). The types of civil law that affect accountability in nursing practice include disputes with employers, cases of patients suing due to allegations of negligence and cases where a nurse sues her employer due to injury at work. All these cases are heard in civil courts and the judge can award compensation. Criminal law is the system designed to assess that rules set out by parliament are followed. The acts of parliament deal with issues such as medicines, suicide, organ and tissue donation, mental health and decisions about health care where a person does not have the capacity to make their views known. Criminal penalties include fines or imprisonment (Caulfield, 2005). The law recognises that adults have a right to determine what will be done to their bodies. Touching a person without consent is generally unlawful and will amount to infringe to the person or, more rarely, a criminal assault. Unlike other civil wrong doings such as negligence which requires harm, any unlawful touching is actionable despite whether being done with the best of motives (Tingle and Cribb, 2007). When obtaining consent, you must ensure that the patient agrees with all the treatment intended to be carried out. Proceeding with treatment that the patient is unaware of, or has refused to agree to will be a trespass to the person and actionable to law. Nurses must therefore take care to explain all the treatment or touching that will occur when obtaining consent from a patient and ensure that any additional treatment is subject to further consent (Savage and Moore, 2004). â€Å"Consent is an expression of autonomy and must be free choice of the individual. It cannot be obtained by undue influence† (Griffith and Tengnah, 2010, p.82). In law, undue means that the influence must remove the patient’s free will and be so forceful that the patient excludes all other considerations when making their choice. It is an established part of law that no treatment may be given to an individual, whether it be clinical or nursing unless the patient has consented (Johnstone, 2009). Therefore as consent was not gained within the Pamela scenario when deciding whether to apply traction to her leg the doctors and nurses involved in making the decision on her behalf would be held legally accountable and could face criminal prosecution. Within our facilitated group sessions we discussed the following established principles which must all be satisfied before consent is sufficient [see appendix III]: ‘consent should be given by someone with capacity’. Within the scenario it is stated that Pamela was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, however the family were not asked to consent on her behalf following the Mental Capacity Act (2005). ‘Sufficient information should be given to the patient’ is the second principle. Pamela’s family state they were unaware of what was happening with her care and within the complaints letter, Pamela’s daughter states staff did not give her relevant information even when Pamela was  diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. The third principle ‘the consent must be freely given’, due to the staff not gaining any consent and taking the decision into their own hands this principle like the previous two was also not followed. The negligence and consent alone within this scenario would place the staff involved directly into legal accountability. Ethical Accountability Accountability is an important ethical concept because nursing practice involves a relationship between the nurse and the patient (Fry, 2004). Within our group sessions we discussed Beauchamp and Childress (2001) who developed a framework which offers a broad consideration of ethical issues. This consists of four principles: respect for autonomy which means respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices. Beneficence,  this considers the balancing of benefits of treatment against the risks and costs; the healthcare professional should act in a way that benefits the patient. Non maleficence, this means  avoiding the causation of harm, the healthcare professional should not harm the patient. All treatment involves some harm, even if minimal, but the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits of treatment. And finally, justice, this includes distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly, the notion that patients in similar positions should be treated in a similar manner. Consent is a moral and legal foundation of modern health care. Treatment that proceeds without consent of the patient immediately requires a thorough moral investigation. Despite the fact that consent may have been given it is important to ensure this means more than the mere fact a form has been signed. The main role of consent is to protect patients and in particular to protect their status of autonomy and enable them to remain in control of their own lives (Fry and Johnstone, 2008). In ethical terms, consent is important because it demonstrates respect for autonomy, therefore through participating in a consent process the person’s autonomy may be further enhanced by having the choice to accept or decline care. For some individuals their ability to consent may be compromised by their position within their cultural group. For example, women within certain cultures might have the capacity to consent but would not expect to have the right to  determine what happens to them (Chadwick and Tadd, 2003). If consent was not gained and treatment was carried out on a person within an ethical group who did not agree to the treatment, then that person would be held ethically accountable. In the scenario, nurses did not apply skin traction to Pamela’s leg despite the admitting doctor suggesting that it be applied. Ethically, this related to non-maleficence as it can be assumed the traction was not applied due to the treatment having a conservative nature and the nurses believing it would be of no benefit to Pamela in regards to pain relief. Also a large majority of care was carried out after Pamela was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s which leaves her vulnerable to treatment being carried out without consent from her or her family. Conclusion Throughout the module I have developed my awareness of the professional, ethical and legal issues that are associated with providing accountable health and social care. I was able to reflect on my own learning and development as an accountable practitioner and participate in the facilitated group sessions. I have increased in confidence and developed communication skills by having the opportunity to speak and voice my opinion in front of other colleagues; this will enable me to participate in handover and various team meetings whilst out in practice. Analysing the scenario in groups enabled me to gain a clearer understanding into the issues raised and this allowed the assignment to be completed with confidence. I was able to strengthen my ability to appraise and use related evidence based literature to back up my statements which were from a variety of sources. Finally, being able to choose our own theme from the scenario enabled me to have a greater awareness of consent which will benefit me when out in practice. Part B I shall be using the Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) to reflect upon a critical incident that I have witnessed out during a ward based placement. The Gibbs reflective cycle suggests that theory and practice supplement each other in a never-ending circle which was coined from Kolb’s experiential learning  cycle. By using the Gibbs reflective cycle I shall be looking into how I felt during the time, what I felt and thought after the incident and most importantly what I would do differently next time. Event The incident I will be looking back on occurred whilst on placement within an orthopaedic ward when I was given the opportunity to assist a registered nurse on her drug round. I had previously assisted her on drugs rounds she was happy for me to administer the medication which was Enoxaparin on this particular patient. As I joined her with the drug round part way through, due to helping another patient she had already confirmed the patients name and date of birth and the patient had verbally consented to the administration and therefore I was told me to just administer it. I followed all the relevant policies and procedures whilst administering the medication however I did not understand why the registered nurse would allow me to administer the drug without myself gaining consent from the patient to ensure he was happy for a student nurse to carry out the administration. I therefore explained to the patient that I was a student nurse and I had previously carried out an administration of enoxaparin but explained to him that I would not be offended if he was not happy for me to administer the drug myself. I had been looking after this patient over a number of days and had therefore gained his trust so he verbally consented to me administering the drug and allowed me to continue. Thoughts and Feelings Whilst I was administering the medication I felt very confident as I had administered a number of these previously and also having a patient who was happy for me to carry this out enabled me to complete this competently. The patient also spoke to me throughout about his personal life so I was reassured that he was not feeling worried or anxious and therefore placed me in a confident frame of mind. The registered nurse was also shadowing me whilst I administered the drug so I was happy I was not going to make a mistake. Evaluation There was nothing bad about this experience apart from the confusion of the registered nurse telling me not to follow protocol and double check his date of birth and consent, however I felt I did the correct thing. I enjoyed administering the Enoxaparin as I felt it would enhance my experience and it was good practice for me, especially as this drug was a very common drug used within most hospital wards. Analysis Although I felt confident administering the Enoxaparin, I did not feel all that confident when asked to administer the medication without checking the patient’s name and date of birth and gaining consent which is a vital protocol of administration of medicines set out by the NMC (2010). Looking back I should have voiced my concerns and asked why she did not want me to confirm these; however I did not want to question my mentors’ experience or authority. A number of accountability issues were raised within this practice in which I later discussed with my mentor so I could confirm I did the correct thing. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) states that the administration of medicines is a vital aspect of professional practice for registered nurses which are to be performed in strict compliance with the written prescription of a medical practitioner requiring exercise of professional judgement (NMC, 2010). The NMC (2010) also state within their consent code â€Å"To make the care of people their first concern and ensure they gain consent before they begin any treatment or care† I did carry out this principle although asked not to by the nurse I was working with. If I did not carry out these checks although only a student nurse I would still be held accountable for my actions when I knew this was against protocol. Conclusion As a student nurse it is acceptable to assist with drug ward rounds and administering medications, however when I was asked to administer the medication without the patients identity confirmed and consent gained I should have said I did not feel comfortable with the task as it was not working in conjunction with the NMC’s standards of medicines administrations  but I would observe. When teaching a student and to improve general practice overall the nurse in question should have asked me to confirm the patients name and date of birth and gained consent before administering the medicine. Although there was no issue with administering medicine to the wrong patient or any ethical issues due to not gaining consent on this day, this could have been a very big nursing error causing a potentially big problem with accountability on my behalf. Action Plan As a student nurse it is important to take opportunities to learn new skills when following a mentor that you might not necessarily feel entirely confident with however ultimate responsibility remains with me if I do not feel confident in the situation that I have been assigned. Although I was confident with the task in hand I was not happy with the way I was asked to carry out this procedure by missing out vital NMC code protocols. The only thing I would have done different in this situation would be to say I did not feel comfortable with administering medication to a patient without carrying out the relevant checks and I should have confronted the nurse in question and asked why she did not tell me to ask for these details. Although she had carried these out previously she did not explain to the patient that I was a student nurse and this could have gone very wrong. If placed in this situation again I would not change anything which I personally did myself, I would still follow the NMC guidance on medicines administration (NMC, 2010) which therefore takes me out of the accountability question if anything was to go wrong, however I would confront the nurse and ask why these checks were asked to be skipped. References Beauchamp, T and Childress, J. (2008) Principles Biomedical Ethics. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bowman, D. (2012) Informed Consent: A Primer for Clinical Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Caulfield, H. (2005) Accountability. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Chadwick, R and Tadd, W. (2003) Ethics and Nursing Practice: A Case Study Approach. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Fry, ST. (Ed.) (2004) Nursing Ethics: Encyclopaedia of Bioethics. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan. Fry, ST and Johnstone, MJ. (2008) Ethics in Nursing Practice; A Guide to Ethical Decision Making. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. GIBBS, G. (1998) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning. London: FEU Griffith, R and Tengnah, C. (2010) Law and Professional Issues in Nursing. 2nd ed. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Johnstone, MJ. (2009) Bioethics: A nursing perspective. 5th ed. Sydney: Elsevier. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2002) Code of Professional Conduct. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC ) (2010) Standards for Medicine Management. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2010) Regulation in Practice: Consent. London: NMC. Nursing and Midwifery Order (2001) Article 3. London: NMC. Savage, J and Moore, L. (2004) Interpreting Accountability. London: Royal College of Nursing. Tingle,J and Cribb, A. (2007) Nursing Law and Ethics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Transition to Practice (2012) Root Cause Analysis Steps. [online] Available at: http://transitiontopractice.org/files/module4/QI%20-%20Root%20Cause%20Analysis%20steps.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2012]. Young, A. (2008) Review: The legal duty of care for nurses and other health care professionals. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18: pp. 3071-3078. Bibliography Confidentiality Act (1991) Great Britain. London: HMSO. Data Protection Act (1998) Great Britain. London: HMSO Hendric, J. (2000) Law and Ethics in Nursing and Health Care. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes Ltd. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2006) Standards of Proficiency for Nurse and Midwifery Prescribers. London: NMC Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2006) Nurses and Medicines Legislation: An Information Paper. London: NMC. Reeves, M and Orford, J. (2002) Fundamental Aspects of Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues in Nursing. Wiltshire: Mark Allen. Tschudin, V. (1996) Ethics: Nurses and Patients. London: Bailliere Tindal. Watson, R. (1995) Accountability in Nursing Practice. London: Chapman and Hall. Appendices Appendix I Personal Diary Sheet 1 (25/06/12) Appendix II Personal Diary Sheet 2 (09/07/12) Appendix III Personal Diary Sheet 3 (16/07/12) Appendix IV Personal Diary Sheet 4 (23/07/12)

Borrowings Words Research Paper Essay

Introduction The theme of the research paper is â€Å"English borrowings†. This theme arouses my interest as it’s widely discussed in all scientific circles. New languages are born, some die out, and lots of them mix up with each other. These facts have a great influence on the humanity. Nowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. English has become an international language and is used all over the world. More and more people, both youth and grown ups, use this words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities: politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. The aim of my research paper is to investigate the borrowed words in different spheres of life and their usage in modern Russian language. The tasks of the research paper: * to give general information about the borrowed words; * to investigate the process and the way of borrowings; * to determine the importance of the borrowed words. The subject of my research paper is borrowings. Methods of investigation are: * the method of observation; * questionnaires; * magazine and TV programme analyzing; * interviewing. Practical significance of the results of investigation consists in the fact they can be used in teaching English for Belarusian and Russian students. We all agree that a language is the most important part of human communication. The main element of every language is speech. It consists of words and word combinations. Lots of words in Russian are borrowed from other languages. The knowledge of these words is essential as we meet them every day and everywhere. These words are usually not specific but are known to the most part of native speakers. Borrowings – are words and word combinations, adopted from one language to another according to its phonetic and grammatical rules. Borrowing – 1) (process) resorting to the word-stock of other languages for words to express new concepts, to further differentiate the existing concepts and to name new objects, etc.; 2) (result) a loan word, borrowed word – a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic sh ape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. The number of borrowings is different in each language. There are languages full of loan-words, such as Korean: it includes about 2/3 of Chinese lexical units. Others have a little number of loan-words: such as Russian, French and German. Nevertheless, there are languages – Czech, Chinese and Hungarian – which make an effort in order to avoid the input of foreign words and try to make up new words and expressions for a new concept by their own lexical units. But there is no language without any borrowings because nations can’t be separated from each other and communication – cultural, scientific and trade – can’t be synthetically stopped. There are different types of borrowings. In the most cases the necessity of adopting some word appears with the penetration of corresponding item or acquiring new notion. In this way the word â€Å"Ã' Ã ¿Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬  – â€Å"spoutnik† in French and â€Å"sputnik† in English was borrowed by many languages from Russian after the launch of the first Soviet artificial sputnik of the Earth. The flow of borrowing foreign words into Russian language had especially increased in 90-s. It is connected with the inflexions in such spheres as politics, economy, culture and new concepts of morality. The extraordinary expansion of foreign lexica had been observed in this period. I Reasons for borrowings From the ancient times Belarusian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political relations with other states that certainly lead to the language borrowings. Within the process of usage the majority of them were exposed by the borrowing language influence. Step by step loan-words, assimilated (from Lat. â€Å"assimilare† – Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ²Ã °Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å') in borrowing language, had formed the layer of widespread words and by this time weren’t perceived as foreign anymore. In different epoch words from other languages penetrated into original Russian vocabulary. The borrowed words appeared mostly in such spheres as mass-media, advertising and IT, because they present the most update phenomena of our modern lifestyle. It became fashionable for nowadays to use borrowings which came from English into Russian. It is conditioned by the tendency of American society idealisation, where the social life level is very high. Also we can’t deny the speed of technical progress in English speaking countries. It is obvious that they have a great potential in almost every sphere of modern society. That’s why we need to borrow words in order to name new concepts. Day after day people rig their houses with the most modern and high-technological equipment. So in order to use such â€Å"house-helpers† people had to study the technological information including the appropriate terminology. So that such words as â€Å"Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã'€â€ , â€Å"Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ºÃ' Ã µÃ'€â€  and many others came into our lives. The most demonstrative example is the word â€Å"Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€â€ . Not so long ago this notion acquired the status of everyday usage word with the process of total computerization. We can hear this term almost everywhere and even from a little child. Almost in every newspaper we can see advertisements with such a text: â€Å"Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ã' Ã ¾ Ð ·Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ ¼ ПК†; and everyone understands that it means the knowledge of various computer programmes. The other reason and may be the most important is that English language nowadays serves as the language of international communication. May be we should wait a little and â€Å"Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ½ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ã' Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð µÃ'‚Ã' Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  as Sergey Yesenin wrote in his poem. Many Russian scientists are very troubled with the tendency of English and American words penetration into Russian language. There are a lot of examples in the history when one language gradually absorbed the other one. But as for me I think that Russian language is very rich and it has a great potential to get rid of everything superfluous or unnecessary and it is one of the richest language of the world while including a layer of loan-words in its vocabulary. But in addition to the classical borrowings, which serve to identify new notions, there is a new tendency in Russian language – borrowing the words from English language, which alre ady exist and are used in everyday life. For example, it is very fashionable to say â€Å"Ã'…Ð °Ã ¸Ã'€â€  from English â€Å"hair† which means â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"Ã'„Ã' Ã ¹Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  from English â€Å"face† instead Russian â€Å"Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¾Ã¢â‚¬ . It is clear that we can’t use such borrowings in the scientific speech or in literary works. Here we can talk about the process of stylistic distinction of the loan-words. Everything is changeable and language especially. The reason is that the language is the most sensitive phenomenon to the changes in the surrounding world: economics, politics and technological progress with its inventions. Only language can express our feelings, actions, thoughts and relations among people, events that occur with us. II Spheres of borrowings The joining of borrowings into Russian language increased especially in 90 years of XX century. The tendency of expansion foreign words could be observed in almost every sphere of life. It occupied the leading position in political sphere of the country getting accustomed with new concepts: president, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate and others. Such words began to form the layer of new social and political vocabulary. At last time, the main source of linguistic stuff became contemporary mass media. While reading newspapers or watching TV every person is confronted with a great number of borrowed words. In this way, new concepts come into our life. The speed of foreign words’ penetration became faster within the development of mass media. It is necessary to stand for spheres of borrowing of English words such as: information technologies, a policy, the international relations and cooperation, business sphere, cultural interaction of the countries and the people, sports. The process of adoption of new words is determined by nations’ contacts which generate a necessity of new concepts and ideas nomination. Such words are usually the results of some nation’s innovation in any sphere of science or technics. They may also appear as a consecutive result of snobbery, fashion. Nevertheless, there are essential linguistic reasons: for instance, the necessity to express polysemantic Russian words by means of foreign word or to widen the expressive means of a language, etc. III Classification of borrowings Linguistic borrowing are words (morpheme or syntactic construction) and set expressions, moved from one language to another. The beginning of English borrowings in Russian language refers to the beginning of XVII century. Later by the middle of XIX century loan-words entered Russian to become its essential part. The word-stock of international vocabulary was being arisen. 1. Loan-word can be a synonym to the original one: For example: Ð ¤Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ – Ð ±Ã ¾Ã µÃ'†; ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ³ – Ð ½Ã °Ã ±Ã »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; КÐ ¸Ã »Ã »Ã µÃ'€ – Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã'†Ð °; ПÐ ¸Ã °Ã'€ – Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã ¸ Ã'  Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã'Ž; КÐ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚ – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€; etc. 2. Loan-word can replace the Russian word: For example: Ð ¡Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ´-Ã'…Ã' Ã ½Ã ´ – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã ·Ã ¸Ã ½; КÐ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€ – Ð ­Ãâ€™ÃÅ"; Ð ¨Ã ¾Ã'Æ' – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; etc. 3. Loan-word that has no equivalent in Russian language, new notions borrowed from another culture with the respective unit or concept: For example: Ð ¡Ã ¿Ã'€Ã' Ã ¹; ИÐ ½Ã ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€; Ð’Ð ¸Ã'€Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹; ЛÃ' Ã ¿Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¿; ДÐ °Ã ¹Ã ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚; etc. In some cases the application of foreign words is not appropriate, in others – it is necessary, as these words make up an essential part of lexis, fixed over the definite style. Types of borrowings It is possible to distinguish the following groups of loan-words: 1. Direct borrowings. The words are met in Russian in the same form and in the same meaning as in the initial language. They are: â€Å"Ã'Æ'Ð ¸Ã º-Ã' Ã ½Ã ´Ã¢â‚¬  – weekend, leisure time; â€Å"Ð ±Ã »Ã' Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬  – black(man) or Afro-American; â€Å"Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã¢â‚¬  – money or cash. 2. Hybrids. These words were formed by addition of Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings to the foreign root. In this way the meaning of the word often changes. For example: â€Å"Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å'† (busy – Ð ±Ã µÃ' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹, Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚Ð »Ã ¸Ã ²Ã'‹Ð ¹), â€Å"Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å'†, â€Å"Ð »Ã °Ã ¹Ã ºÃ ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'†, â€Å"Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'† and others. 3. Calques. Word of foreign origin using with the preservation of its phonetic and graphic shape. They are: â€Å"Ð ºÃ ¾Ã  ´Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ºÃ »Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ´Ã ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ³Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ±Ã °Ã ºÃ' Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ´Ã ¸-Ð ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ ¹Ã¢â‚¬  etc. 4. Half-calques. Words which after being grammatically assimilated were put under the grammatical rules of Russian language (suffixation). For example: â€Å"Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã¢â‚¬  – â€Å"Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  (drive) â€Å"Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã µ Ð ±Ã'‹Ð »Ã ¾ Ã'‚Ð °Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  – Ð ² Ð ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °, Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶. 5. Exotisms. Such words are characterized by specific national customs or manners of foreign nations and are used to show the atypical for Russian reality notions. The distinctive feature of them is that they have no equivalent or synonyms in Russian. For example: â€Å"Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ¿Ã' Ã'‹â€  (chips), â€Å"Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚-Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã¢â‚¬  (hot-dog), â€Å"Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ³Ã µÃ'€â€  (cheeseburger). 6. Foreign lingual spots. Such words usually have lexical equivalents, but they stylistically differ from these equivalents and are used in the sphere of communication as expressive means to add a peculiar emotiveness to the speech. For example: â€Å"Ð ¾Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã ºÃ µÃ ¹Ã¢â‚¬  – OK; â€Å"Ð ²Ã °Ã'Æ'† – Wow. 7. Composites. Words which were made by means of two or more English lexical units. For example: â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ¾-Ã' Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ½Ã¢â‚¬  –a special apartment for watching movies, â€Å"Ã' Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾ Ð ½Ã ´-Ã'…Ã' Ã ½Ã ´Ã¢â‚¬  – a shop that sells the goods which have already been used, â€Å"Ð »Ã °Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ¶-Ð ±Ã °Ã'€â€  – a comfortable cocktail bar. 8. Jargonisms. These are words appeared in consequence of some sounds distortion. For example: â€Å"Ð ¼Ã'‹Ð »Ã ¾Ã¢â‚¬  – e-mail, â€Å"Ð ºÃ'€Ð µÃ ·Ã °Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'‹Ð ¹, Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'‹Ð ¹Ã¢â‚¬  – crazy. If to speak about the time period there are two major types of borrowings. The first type is presented by old borrowings which were actualized during last years with respect to the political and economical systems modification. The second type includes the number of loan-words which were made directly during last years. IV Research part Nowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. It is unsurprisingly because English has become an international language and is used all over the world. With the help of the Internet and the mass media the number of English slang words are increasing. More and more people, both youth and grown-ups, use these words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities: politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. I have analyzed: 1. some TV programs; 2. some newspapers, magazines; 3. the names of the shops in Novogrudok and Minsk; to find out how deeply English borrowings have come into Russian. PART 1 English borrowings on TV The biggest part of borrowings comes from: * the names of some channels; * new kinds of programs invented in the USA and the UK; * new types of films; * sports programs; * music programs. The titles of some channels contain English letters or words. For example: EuroSport, National Geographic channel, Discovery Channel, Animal planet, Viasat History, Europe Plus, Kino club, EuroNews. A big part of entertaining programs were invented in the USA. That’s why the names of some types of programs are English. We can name capital show, talk show, reality show, paranormal show. Modern types of some films have come also from the US, because the motion picture arts were born there. It is a thriller, a detective, a western, a soap-opera, a love story, a sitcom, a fantasy, an action film. So many English words have entered the Russian speech from TV. A lot of English borrowings dedicated to different kinds of sports have come into Russian language. It is possible to explain it because many sports were originated in England. I will give for example channel TNT where some names of programs are English borrowings and it is brightly expressed. From TNT we know: Comedy club, Comedy woman, Cosmopolitan video version, Interns, Nasha Russia. In appendix I quoted words, that more often than others we can hear on TV. Youth commercial music and popular-entertaining channels are in the lead. So I can say that English words influence on teenagers and their speech is full of English words. PART 2 English borrowings in newspapers and magazines Lots of people read magazines and newspapers every day. And I have tried to indicate the most used magazines and have noticed that many of them have English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of all the magazines and magazines with English names. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of journals and magazines with English names of Belarusian publishing houses. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained the English names. Even the articles in these journals contained different amounts of borrowings, all depended on the topic of the article and the magazine. â€Å"Cosmopolitan† is very popular with young people. Such Belarusian newspapers and magazines â€Å"Belarus Today†, â€Å"Pressbol†, â€Å"Personal computer†, â€Å"Press hit†, the magazine â€Å"Minsk review†, the magazi ne â€Å"Planet† are popular with people. PART 3 English borrowings in the names of the shops and some goods Borrowings have always come to the language through a variety of goods trade. And today, new products bring its contribution to linguistic borrowing. There are a lot of sources of borrowings. Among them I can name: * names of the stores; * names of cafes and restaurants; * product names; * household appliances. Every day people go shopping and find English words everywhere. Firstly, I would like to highlight the names of the stores in our town and our capital – Minsk, in the title of which there are some English words and letters: Axis, Respect (shoe stores), Berghouse, Tom Tailor, Delta sport, Sportmaster, Belmarket, Massive, Preston-market, Globo, Coolman, Maximus, Prostore and others. Every day people go shopping to buy different goods and the names of these items, written by a bright bold are well-remembered by consumers. We buy food every day and see the words Coca-Cola, Sprite, Bubble Gum, Chupa-chups, Ice-tea, Sandwich, Cracker, Alpine gold, Chips, Ð ¤Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚ Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¹Ã ¼, Nuts, Snickers, Picnic, Mars, Bounty, Red Bull, beefsteak, grapefruit, Juice, Juicy fruit and others. We use different cleaning products, washing powders. The names of these products are also easily included in our language. Some words related to personal hygiene is also borrowed from the En glish language: Colgate, Fairy, Tide, Blend-a-med, Ariel, Mister Muskul, Clean, Vanish, Dove, Head and Shoulders, Cleaning, Mather care, and others. Food for pets also brings its contribution to the borrowing of words: Pedigree, Whiskas, Puppy, Parrot, Royal Canine and others. Household appliances and computer equipment have given us Cannon, Flash, Computer, Laptop, Notebook, iPhone, iPod, mp3Player, gadget, Smile, trader, level, IQ, chat, Sticker, names of kinds of music, Game, Player, Media, Mixer, Toaster, the names of many brands have become a part of our speech: Top shops, Top hits etc. Borrowings have come into fashion and become the names of cafes, clubs and restaurants: â€Å"Beatles†, â€Å"Blackberry†, â€Å"REST†, â€Å"Aero Cafe†, â€Å"Double Coffee†, â€Å"Chill Out†, â€Å"Quarter City†, â€Å"Birhause†, â€Å"Europe†, â€Å"Overtime†, â€Å"Madison Royal Club†, â€Å"West World Club†, â€Å"Next Club† and others. PART 4 The questionnaire We have asked the pupils of our school some questions on the topic English borrowings: 1. How often do you use English words in your speech (except English lessons)? 1. often 2. sometimes 3. do not use 2. Is it possible to speak without English borrowings? 1. yes 2. no 3. it’s difficult to answer 3. Does Russian need English borrowings? 1. yes 2. no 3. it’s difficult to answer Results of the questionnaire are presented in the appendix. Conclusion During the study of intercultural communication of Russian and English languages it became clear that the process of new words’ borrowing occur intensively enough. So the history of the country has a great influence upon the history of the language. All events in the history such as: wars, revolutions, trade, economical and political contacts, new inventions and many others always have a definite reflection in the lexical system of a language. As for nowadays a great interest of linguists is concentrated upon the Russian–English lingual communication. Increase of informational flow, appearance of Internet, expansion of international relationships, development of world trade, economy, informational technologies, participation in various international competitions, fashion shows and other things are the reasons that caused the new words entering into Russian lexis. The openness of our society leads us to a considerable enlargement of mental outlook and range of interests, and to the improvement of foreign languages knowledge. The number of new concepts and phenomena Russian in origin is very limited. That’s why the adoption of already existing nomination with the respective notion and item is considered to be the most prestigious and effective way of enlarging the vocabulary. We have seen that Russian language is not as systematic as English, or any other European languages, it is a still changing and flexible system. According to this research we can see that modern Russian language can be hardly imagined without English words. The main sources of English borrowings are: Mass media, TV, magazines and Stores. In this course project I have made the classification of loan-words which includes: direct borrowings, hybrids, calques, half-calques, exotisms, foreign lingual spots, composites and jargonisms. Besides there are some other classifications: according to the system-defined relations and according to the time period of borrowing the word. Time will show us if these borrowings can change, enrich or deteriorate the image of Russian language. Time will define the future destiny of each loan-word which is to be finally adopted or rejected by linguistic flavor of the epoch. Russian language has a long history of adopting words dictated by the necessity to perceive useful information in the form of new words drawing on international experience. However, national originality of Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, as the process of borrowing is quite natural way of any language enrichment. Russian language preserved its self-dependency and just got rich by means of borrowed words. So on channels Sport and Belarus 2 we often hear such words as: Football/Match/Football boots, Surfing/Windsurfing, Bodybuilding, Power lifting, Basketball, Snowboard, Free ride, Backcountry, Kickboxing/Mix fight. There are a lot of other kinds of sport: volleyball, tennis, auto sport, motorsport, baseball, skateboarding, Aerobic, Gymnastic, Break dance, arm sport, badminton, bobsleigh, bowling, darts, golf, curling, paintball, Rafting, squash, hockey, cheerleading and so on. There are uncountable quantity of English words that we hear on TV. I want to repeat just few of them which I often hear: TV, show, teenager, model, musical, show business, celebrity, style, fashion, trend, top, super, weekend, test-drive, up-grade, jazz, hip-hop, rap, pop, rock-and-roll, cover, PR-manager, image-maker, battle, freestyle, casting, comment, Hollywood, designer, track, boyfriend, price-list, exclusive. Some of the Belarus periodicals: AutoNews.by. Automobile news. www.autonews.by The Internet newspaper â€Å"BSB NEWS† Economic reviews, exchange rates, news, comments, bank services, events, reportings, author’s materials. www.news.bsb.by The newspaper â€Å"Autodigest† Automobile weekly journal www. ADT.by The newspaper â€Å"Belarus Today† The electronic version of the newspaper. www.belarustoday.by The newspaper â€Å"Pressbol† News of the Belarus sports, interview, comments, statistics. www. PBby The newspaper â€Å"Personal computer† The news Internet, iron reviews, useful programs, councils skilled, humour and still is a lot of interesting. www. PK.by The newspaper â€Å"Press hit† Weekly the most interesting and actual articles from more than 100 newspapers of the world. www.presshit.by.ru Magazine  «MINSK REVIEW » Reference magazine Magazine â€Å"Business† Monthly business magazine. To PART 4: Results of the questionnaire. List of literature: 1. БÃ'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ ÐÅ". Ð .  «Ã Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼Ã'‹ Ð ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ µ: Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'‹Â », Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã º: Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ãâ€Ã ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã‚ », 1995. 2. ГÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ã'Å'Ð µÃ ²Ã ° Ð ¢.Ð . Ð ¡Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ². – ÐÅ": ООО Â «ÃÅ"Ð ¸Ã'€ Ð ºÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã ¸Ã‚ », 2003. 3. ДÃ'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Ð . И.  «ÃÅ¸Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ·Ã °Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ µÃ‚ », Ð Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ã' Ã º, Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã ¯Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã‚ », 2003. 4. Ðâ€"Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ² Ð .Ð ¤. ИÐ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ·Ã °Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ¸Ã ¸ (Ã'„Ð ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °, Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'„Ð ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã' , Ð »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °) // ГÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ¸Ã µ. ÐÅ"., 1984 5. КÐ ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð’. П., Ð Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã °Ã µÃ ²Ã ° П. Ð .  «Ãâ€ºÃ ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' », ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã ¡Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã ºÃ  °Ã'  Ã' Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã' Ã‚ », 1987. 6. КÃ'€Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¸Ã ½ Л. П.  «ÃËœÃ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸. Ð  Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'†Ð ° XX Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã' Ã‚ », ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, 1996. 7. Ð ­Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å'  «ABBYY Lingvo 11 » Ã'ˆÐ µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ², 2005. 8. www.belsmi.narod.ru. 9. www.philology.ru 10. www.wikipedia.org 11. yazykoznanie.ru

Issue 11 taking sides clashing views on political issues seventeenth Essay

Issue 11 taking sides clashing views on political issues seventeenth edition - Essay Example Nobody can know what will happen to them tomorrow and when they will exactly fall ill. The indispensability of health insurance is best understood at the time someone is critically ill and he/she cannot pay the hospital bill immediately. If he/she is assured of health insurance the person need not worry about how he/she will pay for the medical treatment. By this way it is within their reach to safeguard their health and future Apart from providing financial security the health insurance promotes good health. Reduced cost of health services offered by the insurance plans induces people to go for health checkups and to take preventive medical care thereby avoiding any impending major illness. Health insurance takes care of old people as well. Most of the working families have no time to look after elderly people and they are left in old age homes. The old people often feel helpless when they are ill and have no money to pay for the hospital fees. If health insurance is available to them it will come to their rescue at the time of crisis Many people believe that in addition to providing financial stability, health insurance promotes good health. By reducing the personal cost of medical services, insurance induces people to go for regular checkups there by avoiding any impending threat to their health. On comparing the health care system in US with the other industrialized nations in the world Ezra Klein says that Canada, France Great Britain and Germany provide better health care for their people at lesser cost than US Canada is a single payer, rather than a socialized system. That means the government is the primary purchaser of services, but providers themselves are private (Ezra Klein. The Health of Nations, the American Prospect, May 2007 (1820). In the single payer system the cost of medicines as well as administrative costs is less In the French system, which is appreciated for its

Presenting the Gospel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presenting the Gospel - Essay Example For the secular humanist I would take a different approach. Secular humanists are people who do not believe in God or have turned away from him. I would read to them Roman 1:16. I would also tell them about Jeremiah was one of the great prophets of the Holy Bible. He probably lived in the 6th century B.C. Jeremiah is famous as "the broken-hearted prophet," whose sad life, and prophecies of dire warning to the Jews went largely unheeded. God reportedly told Jeremiah, â€Å"You will go to them; but for their part, they will not listen to you.† Many hundred of years later he is still famous as a powerful prophet and man of God. With a better understanding of Christian history, they would get a better sense of the gospel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people to this day think of Jeremiah as a kind of prophet of doom whose life was given over to telling people how terrible the destruction of their city was going to be. There is something in this idea. But Jeremiah was more significant than a simple doomsayer. He also believed people had turned away from God and should turn back to him. He also said in his prophesies that the destruction of Jerusalem and the terribleness of the wars to be fought would be transitory; the people of Israel would be able to eventually get through them and find themselves in a better place sometime in the future. As such, there was a hopefulness about this famous

Sports coaching analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sports coaching analysis - Essay Example This includes the use of an appropriate coaching philosophy to learn the psychological aspects of sportspeople and set the stage for performance within a sports team. A coaching philosophy is a statement of what a coach values and how he/she approaches a coaching role (Taylor & Garratt 2010). It defines the approach that a player uses to develop players and create a winning team. An effective philosophy enables athletes to take responsibility in their teams and play their roles well in order to achieve team and individual expectations. Coaching philosophy is shaped by the experiences of a coach. It consists of objectives as well as the principles, values, beliefs and approach that should be considered by a coach in order to achieve the objectives. Coaching is a complex practice with several challenges. The coach faces significant difficulties when developing a coaching philosophy due to the increasing demand to manage players to improve and maintain performance while at the same time supporting an overall performance environment made up of assistant coaches, sponsors, and support staff. The philosophy should take responsibility for players within and outside a competition environment. In coaching philosophy, the coach is required to understand the social and psychological development of his players (Knowles et al 2005). This also presents significant difficulties for the coach. The importance of developing a coaching philosophy is that it enables the coach to identify where he wants to go and develop methods that lead him there. This improves the design of training sessions in the process of developing players. Coaching philosophy also helps the coach to make ethical decisions concerning substitutions, injury issues, pressing players to train harder, changing the rules, and punishing players (Taylor & Garratt 2010). In order to understand the difficulties that coaches face, it is necessary to understand the aspects of coaching philosophy as well as

Reading response 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading response 3 - Assignment Example Skinner links human’s usage of words with external events like a person will always use appreciative words on seeing a beautiful picture. However, Chomsky has heavily criticized Skinner’s explanation of language since how a person will react to an event depends on the person’s perspective. For instance, a picture which seems beautiful to someone may seem hideous to another person. Chomsky has mostly rejected Skinner’s work by arguing that the latter’s experiments on animals are not relevant to the concept of language (Aitchison, 2011, pp.7-23). The eighth chapter is based on Chomsky’s views on transformational grammar. For an alien to learn the language of humans at first it may seem that the easy way is to memorize all sentences that one may hear. However, this is a completely disastrous method of learning language since in this method one is not trying to understand any patterns in the words within a sentence. In any given situation, uttering sentences with words without understanding the meaning will solve no problem. Moreover, a sentence can be too long for memorizing. The important thing is to focus on the rule in which a speaker utters words in a sentence since a language is structured with words. Chomsky has talked about transformations which links the hidden structure and the surface structure of sentences. He has also stated that there is no concrete set of rules to decide which sentences are permissible in English (Aitchison, 2011, pp.170-186). The tenth chapter deals with how human beings deal with sound in general and provides a framework of speech perception. Earlier, psycholinguists believed that to understand language one just needs to link words with sounds uttered by the speaker. However, this fingerprint approach has been rejected by modern psycholinguists for three reasons. Firstly, the speed with which a speaker utters words cannot be possible for the listener to

Sociological Journal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociological Journal Analysis - Essay Example This allows for the symbolic interactionist between the formally obese individual and others to be more honest and real, instead of the obese individual being labeled by symbols of lazy, dirty, and gluttonous. This article does provide a coherent theoretical background. The article explains exactly how the symbolic interactionist approach is used, the relevance of a person with a stigma, and provides credible resources to back up the claims being asserted. The scope of the obesity problem is also explored. The article is very thorough when providing a solid theoretical background. The theory of using a symbolic interactionist approach on the stigma of obesity explains the new epidemic of obesity. This problem has become more prevalent in recent times. Obesity is a given class of social phenomena. This article gives the social dimensions and properties of being obese. For example, Boggess reports â€Å"Recent media articles have announced that being overweight, or obese, can cost corporations millions of dollars in health care expenses, extra gas, and even extra jet fuel for planes.† Boggess also explains the social aversion toward obese individuals. Health issues are also explained in this article. In addition, this article explains how and why the symbolic interactionist approach is relevant. The basis of the symbolic interactionist approach is defined as â€Å"individuals engaged in an interaction to assume certain expectations of each other, and to follow through with the expectations placed on them† (Boggess). Obese people are expected to be lazy, dirty, and have no self control. This leads to the need to the theory that accepting obesity can lead to coping with the condition, which would make interaction between the obese and others truer and better for both groups. This article clearly defines the nature of the relation between the dimensions and properties of the obese, normal, and symbolic interactionist

Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Operation management - Assignment Example Top among the priorities remains the element of competition from existing hotels within the region. The organisation must ensure the competition aspect of the business becomes effectively addressed for successful entry into the market. This research seeks to undertake an analysis of the existing competition within the market, and enable the organisation to make informed decision about commencing with the project. This will involve conducting internet based research to establish the market situation within the target region. Competition among organisations can be conducted through different approaches, including the adoption of effective operations strategies. The development of an effective operations strategy involves undertaking research to understand the components and measures of efficacy in operations (Lewis et al. 2010). Efficiency of operations remains a fundamental component of cost-cutting which ensure organisations increase their profitability. Before the development of these strategies however, numerous conditions must become satisfied to ensure the strategies function effectively, within a competitive market (Brown et al. 2013). Operating efficiency remains a fundamental indicator of the operations capability within an organisation. Analysing the operating efficiency of competitors can enable an organisation to adopt better operation initiatives and improve the processes, for increased profitability. Within any market, competition remains an ever present element when conducting business. Successful entry into a market involves conducting an analysis of the existing competition in order to develop competition strategies, which will ensure successful market entry. As a new entrant, the market dynamics utilised in enhancing competitiveness within the market become essential features, which organisations can utilise to compete effectively. Undertaking a competition review enables a new entrant to understand

Baroque and Rococo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baroque and Rococo - Essay Example Baroque art style in the renaissance period was inspired by the idealism while Rococo art style was inspired by the 18th Century political changes in France. After the idealism of the Renaissance in c.1400-1530, there was need for a more relaxed lifestyle, which could only be achievable through artworks. Idealism brought into existence some nature of mannerism to the people by c.1530-1600. Therefore, Baroque art adopted during this period to emulate liberal thinking of the people as per the idealism. Baroque art style above all reflected the religious tension during the Renaissance epoch. Notably, this artistic style expressed in painting the desire of the catholic church of Rome to reassert itself at the wake of protestant dominations. This attribute makes Baroque art style more affiliated to Catholic Church . In appreciating the beauty of ancient architecture, the Bible says, â€Å"The work is great; for the palace will not be for a man but for the Lord God†. In this contect , David meant that a Temple was as equal as a Palce. Additionally, Baroque was the uttermost synonymous art style with the Counter-Catholic Church Reformation art of the Renaissance period. The Rococo art style, on the other hand, reflected a political and moral life relaxation. Newly adopted Rococo art style imitated political changes in France as a new style in art. The Rococo style was presented as an intimate, decorative and erotic art style in the Renaissance period. Rococo decorative art, in summary, emphasised on pastel colours.

Poverty and the World Food Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poverty and the World Food Security - Essay Example This essay discusses the fundamental human rights, such as the right to sufficient quality and quantity of food. In the subject, of assessing the conditions of poverty and food security, this essay is exceptionally extensive, and it also assesses the relation between the two factors. The researcher of this essay focuses on the obligations of the international and states human rights to poverty alleviation and food security. It exhibits the social and policy aspects that coherently reduce the chances of people attaining sufficient food and living standards at the household level. There is proper examination of the requirements of the nations to include and implement policies to increase food availability consequently alleviating poverty. It also addresses the various aspects that can be employed to alleviate poverty through attaining stable food security such as addressing income sufficiency, fulfillment of state responsibilities to human rights, application of antipoverty strategies, and the application of research recommendations on food security. This essay mainly intends to capture the attention of policy makers and institutions dealing with food security. It is also aims to address the general public and inform them about their rights and responsibilities of the state towards their food requirements. In conclusion, the researcher presents this essay as broadly expressive of the issue of food security in alleviating poverty, and it is in a clear and straight forward language that is easy to understand.

Cress seeds investigation Essay Example for Free

Cress seeds investigation Essay Test tube 6: Number germinated: 0/10 Height of seedlings: 0 I then took the averages of the height of the seedlings in each test tube. Average height in test tube 1: 49. 9mm Average height in test tube 2: 45. 25mm Average height in test tube 3: 9. 9mm Average height in test tube 4: 11. 5mm Average height in test tube 5: 5. 8mm Average height in test tube 6: 0mm This is a graph to show the average height of the seedlings in each test tube: OBSERVATIONS: Test tube number 1 contained the cress seedlings that had grown the best. This was the control test tube, and had no acid in it. The cress in this test tube was a healthy green colour, and was almost perfectly straight. The cress seedlings were the worst in test tube number 5. This tube contained 4 drops of acid, and the cress in it had hardly grown at all. It was a pale, sickly green colour, and very short. The leaves drooped down, and the roots were very short. Although test tube number 6 contained the most acid, the seedlings in this did not grow at all. I also took results from another group, who had conducted the same investigation as me. Their results are as follows: Test tube 1: Number germinated: 9/13. Height of seedlings: 1 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3 ; 10 ; 22 ; 34 ; 34 Test tube 2: Number germinated: 10/13 Height of seedlings: 4 ; 5 ; 8 ; 14 ; 15 ; 15 ; 22 ; 24 ; 25 ; 33 Test tube 3: Number germinated: 12/13 Height of seedlings: 1 ; 4 ; 4 ; 5 ; 9 ; 10 ; 12 ; 12 ; 14 ; 14 ; 16 ; 16 Test tube 4: Number germinated: 0/13 Height of seedlings: 0 Test tube 5: Number germinated: 0/13 Height of seedlings: 0 Test tube 6: Number germinated: 8/13 Height of seedlings: 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3 ; 4 ; 4 ; 5 ; 5 Average height in test tube 1: 12. 2mm Average height in test tube 2: 16. 5mm Average height in test tube 3: 9. 8mm Average height in test tube 4: 0mm Average height in test tube 5: 0mm Average height in test tube 6: 3. 4mm This graph shows the average height of the seedlings in each test tube belonging to the other group: This graph shows the average height of both the other groups seedlings and mine. ANALYSIS: From my results I can tell that the more sulphuric acid the cress was grown in, the less the seedlings grew. For example, in my investigation, the cress in the control test tube grew to an average of 49. 9mm, whereas in the test tube with 5 drops of acid, the cress did not grow at all. In both mine and the other groups results, the average height of the seedlings went up slightly in one test tube the other groups by 6. 7mm in test tube 3, and mine by 1. mm in test tube 4. CONCLUSION: From this investigation I have drawn the conclusion that acid rain does indeed affect plant growth. My seedlings grew best in the control test tube, and the worst in the tube that contained the most acid. In the control test tube, the seedlings had long roots, whereas in the test tube with 5 drops of acid, the roots were weak and very short. This shows that the acid had affected the way the cress seeds had germinated, and had eaten away at the roots of the seedlings. My results support the original prediction that I made. I said that the cress would grow best in the control test tube, and as the results show, it did. I also said that the test tube containing the most acid would produce the worst seedlings, which was also correct. EVALUATING EVIDENCE: My results were not completely accurate. Although the basic trend showed that the more acid the seedlings were put in, the less they grew, my average heights went up slightly when, theoretically, they should have gone down. For example, they went up from 9. 9mm to 11. 5mm, and then down again to 5. 4mm. Therefore, the graph that I drew does not have a completely accurate curve. This is also true for the other set of results that I gathered. I could improve the accuracy of this investigation by doing several things differently. I could use more test tubes, giving me a wider range of results, and I could also use a smaller amount of acid per test tube for example, I could increase the acid by . 5 of a drop per tube. This would give me more accurate results. Because my results were slightly anomalous, they are not sufficient enough to support a firm conclusion. Because the results did not follow a set pattern, they are not entirely reliable. To improve on this, and make my results more accurate, I could be very meticulous when measuring out the acid, and also make sure that I treat all the test tubes equally. I feel that this investigation went quite well although my results could have been slightly more accurate.

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Discuss the theme of exclusion in relation to one or more characters and how its presented in of Mice and Men In the novel, there is a strong link to the theme exclusion within the characters. Steinbeck presents this by describing the character in a certain way to make the reader aware of the social ranking and judgement, and does this by also giving the reader an idea of how the characters refer to each other and why this may portray exclusion and how. Crooks is a highly isolated and excluded character in the novel as the stable buck. We know as the reader that he is excluded from the moment he is introduced. This is first presented when Candy says â€Å"the stable bucks a nigger†. Using the term ‘nigger’ to describe the character tells us that there is a strong racial exclusion and that Crooks isn’t very socially high up. Steinbeck later then develops the exclusion of this character when Candy also says â€Å"the boss give him hell when he’s mad†. This just tells us that the Boss, who is much higher up than Crooks excludes him and makes his life ‘hell’. By this Steinbeck might mean that the Boss takes out all of his anger on Crooks because of his low status due to his race. He can be treated however by people that are at a higher status ranking than he is. In my opinion Crooks has the lowest social ranking and the most negative judgements compared to all the other characters who are excluded as even Candy refers to him simply as a â€Å"nigger†. Another character that is highly excluded is Curley’s wife. Right at the beginning of the novels George is describing Curley’s wife to Lennie listen to me you crazy bastard, he said fiercely. Don’t you even take a look at that bitch. I don’t care what she says and what she does. I see em’ poison before but I never seen no piece of jail bait worse than her, now leave her alone. † George is telling Lennie to stay away from her. Steinbeck uses an imperative where George is telling Lennie to ‘listen’ to what he is saying. Meaning itâ⠂¬â„¢s very important because he says it â€Å"fiercely† as he really wants Lennie to take on board what he has said. George is really quite horrible in that hes is describing Curley’s wife as a â€Å"bitch† and â€Å"poison. † There is derogatory language used here by Steinbeck to really ethicize how George is feeling. And they are insults, specifically to her. Steinbeck also uses slang from around the time that the book was written. George says that she is like â€Å"jail bait†. This is slang to describe somebody who gets other people into trouble, even by just going near them. Curley’s wife knows how all the other men feel about her nd she has ways of showing how she feels back. â€Å"she turned on him in scorn. â€Å"listen nigger†, she said. â€Å"you know what i can do if you open your trap? † for a moment she stood over him as though waiting for him to move so that she could whip him again she turned at last to the other two. † Here Curley’s wife is trying to seek attention from Crooks, Candy and Lennie. From this quote it shows e xclusion within all the characters. Curley’s wife is excluded as she is the only woman and nobody will speak to her. Also she gets no attention. The other three characters are excluded as all the other men have gone out from the ranch and they’ve been left behind. Steinbeck shows us that Curley’s wife reacts to how excluded she is as she has to turn to insulting people sp that she can feel above them and more powerful. Physically she also â€Å"stood over him†, to feel better about her self esteem and less worthless. An imperative is used to begin with also so she feels higher ranked than the men around her. Steinbeck represents her as a bully by being racist to Crooks and describing him as a â€Å"nigger†. But just let two of the guys get together an’ you won’t talk. Jus’ nothing but mad†. Here Candy and Crooks are being spoken to by Curley’s wife. She was speaking to Crooks, seeking for attention when Candy showed up and there was silence form both characters. She’s telling them that she has experienced things like this before obviously. As Curley’s wife says â€Å"the† guys it makes me think that she is describing them as objects and not as real people. We, as the reader can tell that she is getting more and more upset as we reach halfway through the passage. She shortens her words such as and to â€Å"an’ and just to â€Å"jus’†. This proves that she is losing her temper and patience as to why they will not talk to her. We can also tell this as her sentence structures are getting shorter as she goes on. This quote clearly promotes exclusion as nobody really wants to talk to Curley’s wife. This is because they believe that they will get into trouble if they do so. It also shows how much Curley’s wife is excluded. She’s being excluded from a black man and an old disabled man who are already excluded against.

Cup Plate Method | Cultivation Of Microorganism

Cup Plate Method | Cultivation Of Microorganism An Adduct formed by stirring (0.01 mole) of aromatic aldehyde with the 40% of NaHSO3. O-phenylenediamine (0.01 mole) was dissolved in 50 ml of warm Ethanol 80. The NaHSO3 adduct of the aldehyde is added slowly with constant stirring in the warm solution of O-phenylenediamine stirred for 20-30 min still solid product obtained, then added 100 ml of Distilled water and filtered . Now the product was recrystallised by using Ethanol. Step 2: Nicotinoyl Cloride 0.1 mole of Nicotinic Acid was refluxed for 6 hrs with the 20 ml of Thionyl Chloride. After this the excess of Thionyl Chloride was distilled off and separated from the product and dried it. Step 3: 0.01 mole of 2-phenylbenzimidazole solution in 100 ml Pyridine stirred for 8 hrs constantly with the 0.01 mole of Nicotinoyl Chloride ,then the water added 50 ml to get a solid product. The product was filtered, dried and recrystallised using Ethanol. Scheme: AIM AND OBJECTIVES Molecular modification of a promising lead compound is still a major line of approach for the discovery of new drug. Molecular modification involves substituting, elimination, or adding new moieties to a parent lead compound, there by making gradual changes in the physico-chemical properties of the parent compound and thus biological activity of the compound. It is clear from the literature review that a number of Benzimidazole derivatives are known for the, antibacterial, antifungal and ant-inflammatory activities properties. The present studies were performed with the following objectives: Synthesis of new series of 1,2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives. Characterization of newly synthesized compounds by spectra methods viz.infrared spectra (IR spectra), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ( ¹H NMR spectra) and (Mass spectra). Screening of the antibacterial and Antifungal of the newly synthesized compounds using various strains of bacteria and fungi by determining their MIC. Screening of anti-inflammatory action of Benzimidazole derivatives. Scope and Plan of work: Literature survey revealed that Benzimidazole nucleus is a part numerous class of reported molecules exhibiting diverse range of biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, analgesic ,anti-inflammatory activity, antihyperlipidemic, antihistaminic, antiulcer, anti-arrhythmic , HIV-RT inhibitor. Considering the reported data about Benzimidazole nucleus we have tried to synthesize some Nicotinoyl derivatives of Benzimidazole. The Benzimidazole derivatives of all above mentioned activities are mostly of 2-substituted type .The synthesis of 2-(substituted phenyl)-benzimidazolyl-1-pyridinyl-3-methanone was carried out and screened for antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activity. The present work was divided in to three sections: Synthesis of 1,2-substituted derivatives of Benzimidazole . Chemical Characterisation of the synthesized compounds. Biological evaluation of synthesized compounds. Pharmacological screening of the synthesized compounds. ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING An antibiotic is a chemical compound that in high dilution hinders the growth and the survival of one or more species of microorganism.A drug is considered to have bacteriostatic or fungistatic activity when it inhibits the growth of bacteria or fungi respectively and bactericidal or fungicidal activity when it kills the bacteria or fungi. In vitro tests are used as screening procedure for new agents and for testing the susceptibility of individual isolates from infection to determine which of the available drug might be useful therapeutically. Important factors for antimicrobial activity are size of the inoculums, metabolic state of microorganism, pH, temperature, and duration of interaction, concentration of the inhibitor and presence of interfering substance. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY STUDIES Literature survey reveals that the synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of various 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives. The development of resistant among various pathogenic microorganisms towards the antibiotics has increased the impetus for investigating new antimicrobial agent. When a compound are synthesized in the hope that one of them would be more effective than the existing one. The antimicrobial effectiveness of a compound can be evaluated by serial dilution method and cup plate method. Dilution susceptibility tests are used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). MIC is the lowest concentration of a drug that inhibits the growth of a particular organism under specific condition. The sensitivity of a compound against a particular organism can be studied by cup plate method.Initially the zone of inhibition method was carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of the organism were selected for determination of MIC. CUP PLATE METHOD: Cultivation of Microorganism: The following microorganisms were used to study the antibacterial activity. Bacillus subtilis Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureous Gram positive bacteria Escherichia coli Gram negative bacteria Salmonella typhi Gram negative bacteria Standard: Streptomycin (1000mcg) Solvent: DMF All the test compounds were tested at 250  µg, 500  µg , and 1000  µg. Preparation of the medium: Composition of nutrient agar medium Beef extract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10g Peptone†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10g Sodium chloride†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5g Agar†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20g Purified water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1000ml pH 7.2 ± 0.2 The medium was prepared by dissolving the specified quantity of the dehydrated medium in purified water by heating on a water bath and were dispensed in 100 ml volume conical flasks. The conical flasks were closed with cotton plugs and were sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C (15 lb psig) for 15 minutes. The contents of the conical flasks were poured aseptically into sterile Petridishes are allowed to solidify. These sterilized Medias were used to subculture the bacterial culture. PROCEDURE: Each Petridish was filled to a depth of 4-5 mm with a nutrient agar medium that was previously inoculated with suitable inoculums of suitable test organism, and then allowed to solidify. The petridish were specially selected with flat bottom and were placed on level surface so as to ensure that the layer of medium is in uniform thickness. The petridishes were sterilized at 160-170 °C in hot air oven for 30 mins before use. Small sterile borer of uniform size was placed approximately at 10 cm height, having an internal diameter of approximately 6-8 mm and made of aluminium (or) stainless steel. Each plate was divided in to four equal portions along the diameter. To each portion one cylindrical cavity was made in medium with the help of sterile borer. Three cavities for test compounds and one cavity for the standard. The petridishes were incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours. Diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and the average diameter for each sample was calculated. The diam eter obtained by the test sample was compared with that produced by standard Streptomycin. CUP PLATE METHOD: Cultivation of Microorganism The following fungal strains were used to study the antibacterial activity. 1. C.raphigera 2. A.polytricha Standard: Ketocanazole (1000mcg) Solvent: DMF All the test compounds were tested at 250  µg, 500  µg , and 1000  µg. Preparation of the medium: Composition of nutrient agar medium Sabraoud Dextrose broth..64gm Distilled water.1000ml pH..7.2 ± 0.2 The medium was prepared by dissolving the specified quantity of the dehydrated medium in purified water by heating on a water bath and were dispensed in 100 ml volume conical flasks. The conical flasks were closed with cotton plugs and were sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C (15 lb psig) for 15 minutes. The contents of the conical flasks were poured aseptically into sterile Petridishes are allowed to solidify. These sterilized medias were used to subculture the fungal culture. ROCEDURE: Each Petridish was filled to a depth of 4-5 mm with a nutrient agar medium that was previously inoculated with suitable inoculums of suitable test organism, and then allowed to solidify. The petridish were specially selected with flat bottom and were placed on level surface so as to ensure that the layer of medium is in uniform thickness. The petridishes were sterilized at 160-170 °C in hot air oven for 30 mins before use. Small sterile borer of uniform size was placed approximately at 10 cm height, having an internal diameter of approximately 6-8 mm and made of aluminium (or) stainless steel. Each plate was divided in to four equal portions along the diameter. To each portion one cylindrical cavity was made in medium with the help of sterile borer. Three cavities for test compounds and one cavity for the standard. The petridishes were incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours. Diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and the average diameter for each sample was calculated. The diam eter obtained by the test sample was compared with that produced by standard Ketocanazole.

PSY 301, Introductory Psychology, 2000, Exam 1 :: UTEXAS Texas Psychology

Introductory Psychology -- Pennebaker Test 1 -- September 25, 2000 Be sure and put your name on both the ScanTron and actual test. Blacken in your name and social security number along with the correct form. 1. Experience is to genes as ________ is to ________. 1. chromosome; DNA 2. heredity; environment 3. Wundt; Pavlov 4. nurture; nature 5. a bad memory; a bad day 2. The specialist who is most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder is a: 1. developmental psychologist. 2. psychopharmaceuticalogist. 3. psychiatrist. 4. personality psychologist. 5. clinical psychologist. 3. According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates: 1. the false consensus effect. 2. illusory correlation. 3. the hindsight bias. 4. an illusion of control. 5. random sampling 4. Which research method did Sigmund Freud use extensively in the process of developing his well-known theory of personality? 1. the survey 2. naturalistic observation 3. the case study 4. experimentation 5. love therapy 5. A researcher would be most likely to discover a negative correlation between: 1. body height and body weight. 2. self-esteem and depression. 3.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

The Yellow Wallpaper: In the 19th century, mental illness was an uncommon issue to be discussed. The public would treat the illness only by avoiding the matter and forcing the sick to feel helpless. At that time, the medical profession had not yet distinguished between diseases of the mind and diseases of the brain. Neurologists such as Dr. Silas Mitchell treated the problems that would now be treated by psychiatrists, such as depression. The most accepted cure was Mitchell's â€Å"Rest Cure,† which required complete isolation from family and friends. It forbid any type of mental or physical energy, and required total bed rest. The harsh results of the â€Å"Rest Cure† are easily seen in the story titled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1891. The main character was given the â€Å"Rest Cure† and soon began to descend deeper into the traps of insanity. Before fully understanding mental illnesses her actions would be linked to â€Å"hysteriaâ₠¬ . Hysteria was the term given to women with signs of depression. (Showalter, p. 127) Embedded largely in women's discouraged ambitions and limited opportunities, a reaction of supposed hysteria cases occurred during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Due to rise in this type of mental illness, the period became known as the â€Å"Golden Age of Hysteria.† Authorities of the time defined the problem in terms of femininity and female sexuality. Coming from the Greek term hysteron, meaning womb, hysteria was known as a strictly female illness that was caused by women's delicate constitutions and emotionality. Many doctors believed the uterus caused it, which was why they concluded that men could not become hysterical. (Showalter, p. 129) Hysteria was assumed a largely self-created or imagined illness. People did not generally take it, or mental illness seriously. Though hysteria became a focal point of study by physicians throughout the world. Symptoms included fainting, vomiting, choking, sobbing, paralysis, and temperamental fits. Reflecting the belief that women were prone to hysteria because they were less rational and stable than men. Dr. Edward Tilt, in a typical Victorian textbook definition, wrote: â€Å"mutability is a characteristic of hysteria, because it is characteristic of women† (Showalter, p. 129). As more studies were conducted, however, some doctors began to link hysteria with restricted activity and sexual ... ...ut you.† Her response is â€Å"I don’t weigh a bit more.† She proves him wrong and he avoids the response by saying â€Å"But now let’s improve the shining hours by going to sleep, and talk in the morning.† She overlooks his true intentions and focuses back on the wallpaper. She almost revels to herself and John that the â€Å"Rest Cure† isn’t working as expected. and actually show that he doesn’t care. â€Å" begins to interpet the yellow wallpaper, as having many life like similarity tries to resorts to reasoning with herself so that she may feel husband keeping he away from any outside world her minds wanders into insanity. Her husband doesn’t know any better than to restrain her from exerting energy. He feels that he must keep her in bed to better her health. This in the end is the reason she goes insane. He must feel a bit ashamed being a doctor and not knowing of any other cure to The signs of metal illness are evident when the main character resorts to ripping at the wallpaper to release some built up anxiety. Work Cited Page Rena Korb An overview of The Yellow Wallpaper, in Exploring Short Stories, Gale Research, 1998. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady. New York: Random House, 1985. The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers The Yellow Wallpaper: In the 19th century, mental illness was an uncommon issue to be discussed. The public would treat the illness only by avoiding the matter and forcing the sick to feel helpless. At that time, the medical profession had not yet distinguished between diseases of the mind and diseases of the brain. Neurologists such as Dr. Silas Mitchell treated the problems that would now be treated by psychiatrists, such as depression. The most accepted cure was Mitchell's â€Å"Rest Cure,† which required complete isolation from family and friends. It forbid any type of mental or physical energy, and required total bed rest. The harsh results of the â€Å"Rest Cure† are easily seen in the story titled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1891. The main character was given the â€Å"Rest Cure† and soon began to descend deeper into the traps of insanity. Before fully understanding mental illnesses her actions would be linked to â€Å"hysteriaâ₠¬ . Hysteria was the term given to women with signs of depression. (Showalter, p. 127) Embedded largely in women's discouraged ambitions and limited opportunities, a reaction of supposed hysteria cases occurred during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Due to rise in this type of mental illness, the period became known as the â€Å"Golden Age of Hysteria.† Authorities of the time defined the problem in terms of femininity and female sexuality. Coming from the Greek term hysteron, meaning womb, hysteria was known as a strictly female illness that was caused by women's delicate constitutions and emotionality. Many doctors believed the uterus caused it, which was why they concluded that men could not become hysterical. (Showalter, p. 129) Hysteria was assumed a largely self-created or imagined illness. People did not generally take it, or mental illness seriously. Though hysteria became a focal point of study by physicians throughout the world. Symptoms included fainting, vomiting, choking, sobbing, paralysis, and temperamental fits. Reflecting the belief that women were prone to hysteria because they were less rational and stable than men. Dr. Edward Tilt, in a typical Victorian textbook definition, wrote: â€Å"mutability is a characteristic of hysteria, because it is characteristic of women† (Showalter, p. 129). As more studies were conducted, however, some doctors began to link hysteria with restricted activity and sexual ... ...ut you.† Her response is â€Å"I don’t weigh a bit more.† She proves him wrong and he avoids the response by saying â€Å"But now let’s improve the shining hours by going to sleep, and talk in the morning.† She overlooks his true intentions and focuses back on the wallpaper. She almost revels to herself and John that the â€Å"Rest Cure† isn’t working as expected. and actually show that he doesn’t care. â€Å" begins to interpet the yellow wallpaper, as having many life like similarity tries to resorts to reasoning with herself so that she may feel husband keeping he away from any outside world her minds wanders into insanity. Her husband doesn’t know any better than to restrain her from exerting energy. He feels that he must keep her in bed to better her health. This in the end is the reason she goes insane. He must feel a bit ashamed being a doctor and not knowing of any other cure to The signs of metal illness are evident when the main character resorts to ripping at the wallpaper to release some built up anxiety. Work Cited Page Rena Korb An overview of The Yellow Wallpaper, in Exploring Short Stories, Gale Research, 1998. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady. New York: Random House, 1985.